Correct Answer - A
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Radiosensitive

RCC or hypernephroma is one of the most radioresistant and
chemoresistant tumors.

In men rapidly developing varicocele is rare but impressive sign for RCC occuring most often on the left side. It occurs because left gonadal vein is obstructed where it joins the left renal vein.

As already stated RCC originates in the cortex and tends to grow out
into perinephric tissue causing characteristic bulge or mass effect.

About adenomas
Adenomas are the most common benign renal parenchymal lesions.

- Despite the classification of adenoma as a benign tumor, no
clinical, histologic or immunohistochemical criteria can differentiate renal adenoma from renal carcinoma.

Smith's Urology writes about adenomas ?
- "Previously, all renal tumors less than 3 cm were considered
adenomas. However, even such small tumors can metastasize and
are now classified as renal cell carcinoma. Adenomas of any size
should be treated as a fortuitous finding representative of an early
renal cancer, and the patient should be evaluated and treated
appropriately.

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Correct Answer - B
Ans is "B" i.e. Metastatic focus in lymph nodes

Lateral aberrant thyroid refers to a metastatic focus in lymph
nodes.

Lateral aberrant thyroid is a misnomer and always refers to the
presence of metastatic thyroid carcinoma (papillary) in cervical
lymph nodes.

It does not indicate the presence of ectopic thyroid tissue as the name suggests.

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Correct Answer - C
Ans. C: Achalasia cardia

Achalasia is associated with loss of ganglion cells in the esophageal
myenteric plexus.

These important inhibitory neurons induce LES relaxation and
coordinate proximal-to-distal peristaltic contraction of the esophagus

Achalasia is an esophageal motor disorder characterized by
increased lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure, diminishedto-absent peristalsis in the distal portion of the esophagus composed of smooth muscle, and lack of a coordinated LES relaxation in response to swallowing.

Barium radiology may show 'bird's beak' appearance.

Esophageal (Heller) myotomy is a surgical procedure that is
performed with minimally invasive techniques. The laparoscopic
approach appears to be most appropriate.

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Correct Answer - A
Answer- A. Lymphangiosarcoma
Angiosarcoma is a vascular tumor which may arise de novo in the
breast or as a complication of the radiation therapy

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Correct Answer - C
Answer- C. Excision

Small tumors (T1 & T2) (<2cm) - If 1/3rd or less than 1/3rd lip
involved- V or W-shaped excision + primary closure.

Excision of lower lip upto 1/3rd can be sutured primarily in 3 layers –
mucosa, muscle, and skin keeping vermillion border in proper
apposition.

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Correct Answer - A
Answer- A. DIEP based on deep inferior epigastric vessels

DIEP flap (based on deep inferior epigastric vessels)

TRAM flap based on It is either superior pedicle based on the
superior epigastric vessels or inferior pedicle based on the inferior epigastric vessels.

Latissimus dorsi muscle/myocutaneous flap It is based on the thoracodorsal artery, a branch of the subscapular artery

Superior gluteal flap based on superior gluteal vessels

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Correct Answer - B
Answer- B. Chromogranin A
Neuroendocrine markers of neuroblastoma :- i) CD-56 ii)
Chromogranin-A iii) Synaptophysin

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Correct Answer - A
Cancer Larynx
Most common histological type of laryngeal Ca - Squamous cell
carcinoma (seen in 90% cases)
It is more common in males.
Male: Female ratio is 4: 1
Most common age = 60-70 years.

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Correct Answer - D
Answer: D

Medical imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT
scan) and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) are used both to confirm the
diagnosis and to help decide whether the tumor can be surgically removed

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