4a i. Bond energy, also known as bond dissociation energy, is the amount of energy required to break a chemical bond in a molecule, separating it into its individual atoms. It is typically measured in units of kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol) or electronvolts (eV).


ii, Two uses of bond energy values are:
Predicting Chemical Reactions: Bond energy values can be used to predict whether a chemical reaction is likely to be exothermic (releasing energy) or endothermic (absorbing energy). If the energy required to break bonds in reactants is greater than the energy released when new bonds form in products, the reaction is endothermic, and vice versa.
Designing and Understanding Molecules: Chemists use bond energy values to design and understand molecules. By knowing the strength of chemical bonds, they can design molecules with specific properties or study the stability of existing molecules. For example, in drug design, knowledge of bond energies helps in designing molecules that will interact favorably with biological target

4c. When a sample is analyzed using a mass spectrometer, the following steps typically occur:
Ionization: The sample is first ionized, meaning that atoms or molecules in the sample are converted into ions by either electron impact, laser ablation, or other ionization methods. This process results in the creation of positively or negatively charged species.
Mass Separation: The generated ions are then accelerated and passed through a mass analyzer, which separates them based on their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). This step involves the application of electric and magnetic fields, causing the ions to follow curved paths depending on their mass and charge.
Detection: As ions of different masses reach the detector, they generate electrical signals proportional to their abundance. The detector records these signals, creating a mass spectrum. The mass spectrum displays the relative abundance of ions at different m/z values.
Data Analysis: The resulting mass spectrum is analyzed to determine the mass-to-charge ratios of the ions present, as well as their relative abundances. This information can be used to identify the chemical composition of the sample, including the identification of specific molecules or elements.

Physics 3 (Practical) (Alternative C)
Solution to Q2 & Q3
Ditto ditto ✅

2nd Set enjoy , paper will start at 11:40 am

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QUESTION 2b

2. (b) (i) Dispersion of light refers to the phenomenon where white light, composed of a mixture of different colors, is separated into its component colors when passing through a medium such as a prism or a drop of water. This separation occurs because different colors of light have different wavelengths and therefore different refractive indices, causing them to bend or refract at different angles.

2. (b) (ii) If the refractive index of medium P is twice that of medium Q, the angle of refraction can be calculated using Snell's law:

n₁sin(θ₁) = n₂sin(θ₂)

Given:
n₁ = refractive index of medium P
n₂ = refractive index of medium Q
θ₁ = angle of incidence
θ₂ = angle of refraction

Since n₁ = 2n₂,
2n₂sin(θ₁) = n₂sin(θ₂)

By simplifying the equation, we find:
2sin(θ₁) = sin(θ₂)

To solve for the angle of refraction, you would need the value of the angle of incidence (θ₁).

QUESTION 3b

3. (b) (i) The distinction between emf (electromotive force) and potential difference:
- Emf (electromotive force) is the energy supplied by a source, such as a battery or a generator, per unit charge in an electric circuit. It is measured in volts (V) and represents the maximum potential difference across a source when no current is flowing.
- Potential difference, also known as voltage, is the difference in electric potential energy per unit charge between two points in a circuit. It is measured in volts (V) and represents the actual voltage drop across a component or a part of a circuit when current is flowing.

3. (b) (ii) Two electronic devices that do not obey Ohm's law are:
- Diodes: Diodes are electronic components that allow electric current to flow in one direction only. The voltage-current relationship in a diode is nonlinear and does not follow Ohm's law.
- Transistors: Transistors are semiconductor devices that amplify or switch electronic signals. The relationship between voltage and current in transistors is highly complex and not linear, hence not following Ohm's law.

3. (b) (iii) Two electrical devices that do not obey Ohm's law are:
- Incandescent light bulbs: The resistance of incandescent light bulbs changes with variations in temperature, causing their current-voltage relationship to deviate from Ohm's law.
- Electric arcs (e.g., in electric welding): Electric arcs involve highly ionized gas and the current-voltage relationship in an arc is highly nonlinear, not following Ohm's law.

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