🔆Scalable Solar-Driven Device for Affordable Green Hydrogen Production:

✅Developed a next-gen device that splits water molecules to produce green hydrogen using only solar energy.
✅Uses earth-abundant, low-cost materials, avoiding fossil fuels and rare expensive components.
✅Employs silicon-based photoanode with advanced n-i-p heterojunction architecture.
📍Technical Highlights:
✅Architecture: n-type TiO₂ / intrinsic Si / p-type NiO layers — enabling efficient charge separation & transport.
✅Fabrication: Using magnetron sputtering, an industry-scalable technique.
✅Achieved 600 mV surface photovoltage, low onset potential (11 VRHE).
✅Demonstrated long-term stability – 10 hours continuous operation with <4% performance drop.
✅Successfully scaled to 25 cm² photoanode size effective for large-scale hydrogen production.
📍Advantages of the Device:
✅High efficiency conversion
✅Purely solar-driven
✅Durable and stable
✅Cost-effective materials
✅Scalable design
📍Significance:
✅Decarbonizing industries
📍Advances India’s hydrogen mission
✅Supports net-zero targets
✅Global energy transition
✅Versatile applications

#gs3 #prelims
#environment #economy #energy

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🔆 WHA’s Landmark Skin Disease Resolution: A Step Toward Global Health Equity

✅ On May 24, 2025, the World Health Assembly declared skin diseases a global public health priority for the first time.

✅ This benefits 1.9 billion people affected, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

✅ The resolution highlights stigma, poor access, and neglect of fungal, pigmentary, and chronic conditions, especially in Africa and India.

✅ For India, with one of the highest global dermatological burdens, this brings global support for better care, equity, and reform.

📍It reframes skin health not as cosmetic—but vital to human dignity and health justice.

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🔆 Plastic Pollution: Challenges & Sectoral Contribution

📍 Global Context
✅ The world produces 400+ million tons of plastic annually.

📍 Key Challenges of Plastic Pollution
✅ Threat to Ecosystem: Harms marine and terrestrial biodiversity.
✅ Threat to Humans: Enters food chain, exposes humans to toxins.
✅ Threat to Climate: Emits GHGs during production, causes resource depletion.
✅ Economic Inequality: Affects livelihoods of fishers, farmers and vulnerable groups.
✅ Climate Injustice: Poorer countries bear a disproportionate waste burden.

📍 Sector-wise Contribution to Plastic Pollution (NCERT Data)
✅ Packaging – 36% (highest contributor)
✅ Building & Construction – 16%
✅ Textiles – 14%
✅ Consumer & Institutional Products – 10%
✅ Transportation – 7%
✅ Electrical/Electronics – 4%
✅ Others – 12%
✅ Industrial Machinery – 1%

#environment #mains #gs3


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🔆 India & Climate Change: Key Data with Sources

📍 Climate Stats

✅ India’s GHG Emissions – 10% of global emissions, 3rd largest emitter (after China 30% & USA 15%)
Source: Down to Earth

✅ India’s per capita CO2 = 2.4 tonnes (vs global avg 6.3) – lowest among major economies
– USA = 16.5 t, China = 10 t, EU = 7 t
Source: Global Carbon Project

✅ Sector-wise GHG in India – Energy 75%, Agriculture 15%, Industries 8%, Waste 3%
Source: NITI Aayog

✅ India 7th most vulnerable nation to climate-induced extreme weather
Source: Global Climate Risk Index

✅ Climate change-induced extreme weather causes losses = 0.5% of India’s GDP annually
Source: WMO

✅ ~1 billion children globally under extreme climate risk
Source: UNICEF

✅ India’s CO2 emissions from fossil fuels to rise 4.6% in 2024 – highest among major economies
Source: Global Carbon Project

✅ Earth has warmed by 1.1°C vs preindustrial; World emits ~40 Gt CO₂/year
Source: IPCC 6th Assessment Report (AR6)

✅ Carbon budget:
– For 1.5°C = 500 Gt (breach ~2030s)
– For 2°C = 1350 Gt (breach ~2050s)
Source: IPCC AR6

✅ India ranks 7th globally on Climate Action, only G20 nation on track for Paris targets
Source: Climate Change Performance Index 2024

✅ Even with current NDCs, warming may exceed 3°C
Source: Emissions Gap Report 2023

✅ Adaptation finance needs = 10–18× higher than current flow
Source: Adaptation Gap Report 2023

✅ India needs ₹10 trillion investment for net-zero by 2070
Source: CEEW

✅ Only 16% of past carbon credits led to real emission cuts
Source: Nature Journal

📍 Additional Insights:

✅ Global carbon budget for 1.5°C = 400–500 Gt CO₂ left since 2020; World emits ~40 Gt/year
Source: IPCC AR6

✅ India’s GHG emissions rose by over 6% in 2023 vs 2022
Source: UNEP Emissions Report

✅ Top 10% richest emit 20× more CO₂ per person than bottom 10%; they account for ~50% of total emissions
Source: World Inequality Database

✅ Climate change intensified global water cycle by 7.4% → more extreme droughts/floods
Source: Nature Journal

✅ Trees & soil CO₂ absorption fell 20% since 2015 due to climate change
Source: UNCCD Report

#Data #GS3 #GS1 #mains #environment #essay

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