🔆 Key Takeaways on Exposomics and Environmental Health
📍 Theme of World Environment Day 2025
✅ Focuses on eliminating plastic pollution, particularly micro-plastics, which pose serious public health risks.
📍 Need for Exposomics
✅ A comprehensive approach to disease etiology and prevention must be adopted.
✅ Exposomics focuses on understanding all environmental exposures throughout an individual’s life.
📍 India’s Environmental Burden
✅ India contributes 25% of the global environmental disease burden.
✅ Rapid economic growth exacerbates environmental exposures and health risks.
📍 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Approach
✅ Environmental risks caused 18.9% of global deaths and 14.4% of all disability-adjusted life years.
📍 Challenges in Data & Research
✅ Current environmental burden estimates are underdeveloped, failing to address complex environmental interactions.
📍 Exposomics as an Emerging Method
✅ Exposomics studies environmental exposures and their link to health, enabling more comprehensive research.
✅ Requires interdisciplinary technologies like AI, wearables, and biomonitoring.
📍 Policy and Infrastructure Needs
✅ Building capacity for exposomics data generation and interoperable data repositories is essential for actionable results.
✅ Immediate focus on creating a robust data ecosystem to enable health research.
#EnvironmentalHealth #Exposomics #PlasticPollution #India
📍 Theme of World Environment Day 2025
✅ Focuses on eliminating plastic pollution, particularly micro-plastics, which pose serious public health risks.
📍 Need for Exposomics
✅ A comprehensive approach to disease etiology and prevention must be adopted.
✅ Exposomics focuses on understanding all environmental exposures throughout an individual’s life.
📍 India’s Environmental Burden
✅ India contributes 25% of the global environmental disease burden.
✅ Rapid economic growth exacerbates environmental exposures and health risks.
📍 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Approach
✅ Environmental risks caused 18.9% of global deaths and 14.4% of all disability-adjusted life years.
📍 Challenges in Data & Research
✅ Current environmental burden estimates are underdeveloped, failing to address complex environmental interactions.
📍 Exposomics as an Emerging Method
✅ Exposomics studies environmental exposures and their link to health, enabling more comprehensive research.
✅ Requires interdisciplinary technologies like AI, wearables, and biomonitoring.
📍 Policy and Infrastructure Needs
✅ Building capacity for exposomics data generation and interoperable data repositories is essential for actionable results.
✅ Immediate focus on creating a robust data ecosystem to enable health research.
#EnvironmentalHealth #Exposomics #PlasticPollution #India
🔆Environmental Impact of Electric Vehicles (EVs)
✅ Climate Benefit of EVs:
• EVs help eliminate greenhouse gas emissions, playing a crucial role against climate change.
✅ Air Pollution Concern:
• Recent study shows EVs may worsen air pollution due to increased tyre wear from their greater weight.
✅ Study Details:
• Conducted by TIFR, IIT Bombay, and a US university.
• Established how vehicle weight and speed affect the size of plastic particles released from tyre wear.
✅ Tyre Particle Pollution:
• Tyre wear emits microplastic and nanoplastic particles into the air.
• Two degradation types:
• Primary fragmentation: Larger particles from sudden braking or potholes.
• Sequential fragmentation: Smaller airborne particles from prolonged use and friction.
✅ Heavier Vehicles, Higher Emissions:
• EVs are 15–20% heavier (300–900 kg batteries) than petrol/diesel cars.
• Faster acceleration causes more tyre stress, friction, and heat.
• Heavier, faster vehicles release more and smaller airborne particles, increasing pollution.
✅ Global Implications:
• With EV sales at 20% globally in 2024, this pollution concern is worldwide.
• Calls for revisiting assumptions on EVs’ environmental friendliness.
✅ Policy and Technological Responses:
• Current air quality norms (PM2.5, PM10) don’t cover fine tyre particles—standards need updating.
• R&D needed for tyres suited to heavier EVs.
• Possible solutions include:
• Capturing tyre particles at release points.
• Improving road quality to reduce fragmentation.
#environment #EVs
✅ Climate Benefit of EVs:
• EVs help eliminate greenhouse gas emissions, playing a crucial role against climate change.
✅ Air Pollution Concern:
• Recent study shows EVs may worsen air pollution due to increased tyre wear from their greater weight.
✅ Study Details:
• Conducted by TIFR, IIT Bombay, and a US university.
• Established how vehicle weight and speed affect the size of plastic particles released from tyre wear.
✅ Tyre Particle Pollution:
• Tyre wear emits microplastic and nanoplastic particles into the air.
• Two degradation types:
• Primary fragmentation: Larger particles from sudden braking or potholes.
• Sequential fragmentation: Smaller airborne particles from prolonged use and friction.
✅ Heavier Vehicles, Higher Emissions:
• EVs are 15–20% heavier (300–900 kg batteries) than petrol/diesel cars.
• Faster acceleration causes more tyre stress, friction, and heat.
• Heavier, faster vehicles release more and smaller airborne particles, increasing pollution.
✅ Global Implications:
• With EV sales at 20% globally in 2024, this pollution concern is worldwide.
• Calls for revisiting assumptions on EVs’ environmental friendliness.
✅ Policy and Technological Responses:
• Current air quality norms (PM2.5, PM10) don’t cover fine tyre particles—standards need updating.
• R&D needed for tyres suited to heavier EVs.
• Possible solutions include:
• Capturing tyre particles at release points.
• Improving road quality to reduce fragmentation.
#environment #EVs
🔆 Key Outcomes of COP29
📍 New Collective Quantified Goal on Climate Finance (NCQG)
✅ Triple climate finance to $300 billion annually by 2035.
➤ Mobilize $1.3 trillion per year by 2035 from public and private sources.
📍 Carbon Markets and Article 6
✅ Finalized Article 6 rules of the Paris Agreement for international carbon markets.
➤ Facilitates carbon credit trading and financing of climate actions.
📍 Transparency
✅ Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) finalized for tracking climate actions.
📍 Adaptation
✅ Baku Adaptation Roadmap launched to implement Article 7 of the Paris Agreement.
➤ Support program established for Least Developed Countries (LDCs) to implement National Adaptation Plans (NAPs).
📍 Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities
✅ Adopted Baku Workplan for knowledge exchange, capacity building, and integrating diverse knowledge into climate policies.
📍 Gender and Climate Change
✅ Enhanced Lima Work Programme on Gender extended for another 10 years.
📍 New Collective Quantified Goal on Climate Finance (NCQG)
✅ Triple climate finance to $300 billion annually by 2035.
➤ Mobilize $1.3 trillion per year by 2035 from public and private sources.
📍 Carbon Markets and Article 6
✅ Finalized Article 6 rules of the Paris Agreement for international carbon markets.
➤ Facilitates carbon credit trading and financing of climate actions.
📍 Transparency
✅ Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) finalized for tracking climate actions.
📍 Adaptation
✅ Baku Adaptation Roadmap launched to implement Article 7 of the Paris Agreement.
➤ Support program established for Least Developed Countries (LDCs) to implement National Adaptation Plans (NAPs).
📍 Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities
✅ Adopted Baku Workplan for knowledge exchange, capacity building, and integrating diverse knowledge into climate policies.
📍 Gender and Climate Change
✅ Enhanced Lima Work Programme on Gender extended for another 10 years.
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🔆 Indian Biodiversity
✅ Four global biodiversity hotspots are located in India, making it one of the most biodiverse regions in the world.
✅ As of 2020-21, there are 981 protected areas, including 566 wildlife sanctuaries and 104 national parks.
📍Wildlife
✅ There are 3,167 tigers in India.
✅ From 2019 to 2020, environmental crimes increased by 78%. (Source: Environment of India, State of 2022)
📍Forest Conservation
✅ 30% of Indian districts are susceptible to severe forest fires (CEEW).
✅ 11% of global greenhouse gas emissions come from deforestation.
📍Water Resources
✅ 75% of families lack access to clean drinking water on their property. (Source: Aayog NITI)
✅ By 2030, water stress is expected to affect 70% of India’s thermal power plants.
📍 Water Pollution
✅ 8 states comprise the majority of contaminated river segments, including Maharashtra, Assam, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Odisha, West Bengal, and Karnataka.
✅ 70% of surface water in India is unsafe for human consumption. (Source: WEF)
📍Climate Change
✅ 40% of Indian districts are experiencing flooding and droughts interchangeably.
✅ India has committed to achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2070 at the 26th COP in 2021.
#mains #environment #GS3
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✅ Four global biodiversity hotspots are located in India, making it one of the most biodiverse regions in the world.
✅ As of 2020-21, there are 981 protected areas, including 566 wildlife sanctuaries and 104 national parks.
📍Wildlife
✅ There are 3,167 tigers in India.
✅ From 2019 to 2020, environmental crimes increased by 78%. (Source: Environment of India, State of 2022)
📍Forest Conservation
✅ 30% of Indian districts are susceptible to severe forest fires (CEEW).
✅ 11% of global greenhouse gas emissions come from deforestation.
📍Water Resources
✅ 75% of families lack access to clean drinking water on their property. (Source: Aayog NITI)
✅ By 2030, water stress is expected to affect 70% of India’s thermal power plants.
📍 Water Pollution
✅ 8 states comprise the majority of contaminated river segments, including Maharashtra, Assam, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Odisha, West Bengal, and Karnataka.
✅ 70% of surface water in India is unsafe for human consumption. (Source: WEF)
📍Climate Change
✅ 40% of Indian districts are experiencing flooding and droughts interchangeably.
✅ India has committed to achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2070 at the 26th COP in 2021.
#mains #environment #GS3
Join @CSE_EXAM
@UPSC_FACTS
🔆 Sustainable Nickel Extraction
📍 New Method: Uses hydrogen to replace carbon, offering a greener alternative.
✅ Key Advantage: More energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.
📍 Challenges
✅ Requires initial investment in infrastructure and renewable energy.
✅ High purity ferronickel produced, benefiting stainless steel production.
📍 Sustainability
✅ Scaling up the process could transform the nickel industry for carbon neutrality
📍 New Method: Uses hydrogen to replace carbon, offering a greener alternative.
✅ Key Advantage: More energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.
📍 Challenges
✅ Requires initial investment in infrastructure and renewable energy.
✅ High purity ferronickel produced, benefiting stainless steel production.
📍 Sustainability
✅ Scaling up the process could transform the nickel industry for carbon neutrality
🔆 Pollution Dome
📍 Definition
✅ Formed when unfavorable atmospheric conditions trap pollutants in urban areas, causing smog buildup.
📍 Contributing Factors
✅ Stagnant Air: Calm winds trap pollutants.
✅ Temperature Inversions: Warm air traps cooler air, preventing vertical dispersion.
✅ Geographic Bottlenecks: Mountains/valleys restrict air movement, trapping pollutants.
📍 Additional Factors
✅ Industrial Activity: Emissions from factories, power plants, and vehicles worsen pollution in stagnant air.
✅ Unfavorable Weather Patterns: Systems like anticyclones limit atmospheric mixing, trapping pollutants closer to the ground.
#Geography
#environment
📍 Definition
✅ Formed when unfavorable atmospheric conditions trap pollutants in urban areas, causing smog buildup.
📍 Contributing Factors
✅ Stagnant Air: Calm winds trap pollutants.
✅ Temperature Inversions: Warm air traps cooler air, preventing vertical dispersion.
✅ Geographic Bottlenecks: Mountains/valleys restrict air movement, trapping pollutants.
📍 Additional Factors
✅ Industrial Activity: Emissions from factories, power plants, and vehicles worsen pollution in stagnant air.
✅ Unfavorable Weather Patterns: Systems like anticyclones limit atmospheric mixing, trapping pollutants closer to the ground.
#Geography
#environment
🔆 India’s Water Management Needs a New Direction
📍 Global Context
✅ 2025: UN’s International Year of Glaciers Preservation
✅ Focus on mountain & glacier ecosystems as critical water sources
📍 India’s Water Security Issues
✅ India uses 60.5% of extractable groundwater
✅ Over 60% of irrigation & 85% drinking water from groundwater
✅ Punjab, Rajasthan overuse beyond 100%
✅ Water table is declining, posing future risks
📍 Key Frameworks Suggested
✅ Source to Sea (S2S) Approach: Views water systems as a single continuum
✅ Push for ridge-to-reef strategies, interlinked governance, and integrated catchment solutions
📍 Action Steps
✅ Shift from isolated management to holistic basin-level plans
✅ Implement causal analysis for better decision-making
✅ Revive 1987 National Water Policy with new ecological vision
📍 Global Context
✅ 2025: UN’s International Year of Glaciers Preservation
✅ Focus on mountain & glacier ecosystems as critical water sources
📍 India’s Water Security Issues
✅ India uses 60.5% of extractable groundwater
✅ Over 60% of irrigation & 85% drinking water from groundwater
✅ Punjab, Rajasthan overuse beyond 100%
✅ Water table is declining, posing future risks
📍 Key Frameworks Suggested
✅ Source to Sea (S2S) Approach: Views water systems as a single continuum
✅ Push for ridge-to-reef strategies, interlinked governance, and integrated catchment solutions
📍 Action Steps
✅ Shift from isolated management to holistic basin-level plans
✅ Implement causal analysis for better decision-making
✅ Revive 1987 National Water Policy with new ecological vision
Forwarded from CSE EXAM ( UPSC prelims mains) CAPF
CSP-2025-WR-NameList-Engl-110625.pdf
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Name Wise 2025 Pre
🔆 Oil Pollution
📍 Examples
✅ Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (2010): Largest marine oil spill in Gulf of Mexico.
✅ Ennore Oil Spill (2017): Collision off Chennai coast, impacting marine life and fishermen.
✅ MV Wakashio Spill (2020): Ship ran aground off Mauritius, spilling oil in a biodiversity-rich area.
📍 Causes
✅ Oil spills from tankers, offshore rigs.
✅ Leakages from drilling, transportation.
✅ Ballast water discharge, pipeline ruptures.
📍 Consequences
✅ Environmental: Marine life death, long-term damage to ecosystems.
✅ Economic: Livelihood loss, high cleanup costs.
✅ Health Hazards: Skin disorders, respiratory issues, contamination of seafood.
📍 Steps Taken
✅ International: MARPOL Convention, OPRC, IMO standards.
✅ India: NOS-DCP, INCOIS oil spill trajectory model.
📍 Way Forward
✅ Enforce safety regulations, improve warning systems, develop response capacity, promote bioremediation techniques.
#environment #mains
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📍 Examples
✅ Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (2010): Largest marine oil spill in Gulf of Mexico.
✅ Ennore Oil Spill (2017): Collision off Chennai coast, impacting marine life and fishermen.
✅ MV Wakashio Spill (2020): Ship ran aground off Mauritius, spilling oil in a biodiversity-rich area.
📍 Causes
✅ Oil spills from tankers, offshore rigs.
✅ Leakages from drilling, transportation.
✅ Ballast water discharge, pipeline ruptures.
📍 Consequences
✅ Environmental: Marine life death, long-term damage to ecosystems.
✅ Economic: Livelihood loss, high cleanup costs.
✅ Health Hazards: Skin disorders, respiratory issues, contamination of seafood.
📍 Steps Taken
✅ International: MARPOL Convention, OPRC, IMO standards.
✅ India: NOS-DCP, INCOIS oil spill trajectory model.
📍 Way Forward
✅ Enforce safety regulations, improve warning systems, develop response capacity, promote bioremediation techniques.
#environment #mains
Join @PIB_UPSC
@upsc_4_environment
🔆 Sustainable Nickel Extraction
📍 Breakthrough Method
✅ High-purity ferronickel produced with carbon neutrality in mind.
✅ Key Advantage: Eliminates extensive refining steps, making the process more sustainable.
📍 Challenges Ahead
✅ Scalability: High initial investment in infrastructure & renewable energy.
✅ Further Research: Deeper study in thermodynamic kinetics and oxygen supply is needed.
📍 Breakthrough Method
✅ High-purity ferronickel produced with carbon neutrality in mind.
✅ Key Advantage: Eliminates extensive refining steps, making the process more sustainable.
📍 Challenges Ahead
✅ Scalability: High initial investment in infrastructure & renewable energy.
✅ Further Research: Deeper study in thermodynamic kinetics and oxygen supply is needed.
🔆 Why Scientists Study Tardigrades 🦠
📍 Tardigrades (also called water bears): Tiny, resilient, 8-legged organisms.
📍 Space experiment: Sent to the ISS to study their survival and resilience.
📍 Key question: How do tardigrades survive extreme space conditions like radiation, temperature changes, and vacuum?
📍 Purpose: Discovering insights for human survival in space and crop protection on Earth.
#SpaceScience #Tardigrades #ISS
📍 Tardigrades (also called water bears): Tiny, resilient, 8-legged organisms.
📍 Space experiment: Sent to the ISS to study their survival and resilience.
📍 Key question: How do tardigrades survive extreme space conditions like radiation, temperature changes, and vacuum?
📍 Purpose: Discovering insights for human survival in space and crop protection on Earth.
#SpaceScience #Tardigrades #ISS
🔆 Water Stress: A Looming Crisis for India
📍 NITI Aayog Study (2018)
✅ 600 million Indians may be impacted by water stress
✅ Could cause a 6% loss in GDP
📍 Pollution & Resource Risk
✅ 311 polluted river stretches in 30 States/UTs
✅ 53% of solid waste remains untreated
📍 Global Risk Alert
✅ India flagged as high-risk in World Resources Institute’s Water Risk Atlas
⚠️ Urgent reforms in water management are critical for economic stability and resource sustainability.
📍 NITI Aayog Study (2018)
✅ 600 million Indians may be impacted by water stress
✅ Could cause a 6% loss in GDP
📍 Pollution & Resource Risk
✅ 311 polluted river stretches in 30 States/UTs
✅ 53% of solid waste remains untreated
📍 Global Risk Alert
✅ India flagged as high-risk in World Resources Institute’s Water Risk Atlas
⚠️ Urgent reforms in water management are critical for economic stability and resource sustainability.
World's rivers are leaking olg CO2 into air
🌍 Rivers Leaking Ancient CO₂ into Atmosphere
📍 Key Findings
✅ 60% of CO₂ from rivers comes from millennia-old deep soil carbon, low in carbon-14.
✅ Rivers are leaking old CO₂, returning ancient carbon to the air.
📍 Implications
✅ The leak rate matches the carbon absorbed by land ecosystems.
✅ Carbon-cycle models may be undercounting land carbon losses due to this overlooked source.
🌍 Rivers Leaking Ancient CO₂ into Atmosphere
📍 Key Findings
✅ 60% of CO₂ from rivers comes from millennia-old deep soil carbon, low in carbon-14.
✅ Rivers are leaking old CO₂, returning ancient carbon to the air.
📍 Implications
✅ The leak rate matches the carbon absorbed by land ecosystems.
✅ Carbon-cycle models may be undercounting land carbon losses due to this overlooked source.
🚦 New App Helps Commuters Pick ‘Greener’ Routes
📍 About DRUM App
✅ Developed by IIT-Kharagpur, the DRUM app offers 5 route options: shortest, fastest, least pollution (LEAP), least energy (ECAP), and combined.
✅ Real-time data helps reduce pollution exposure by 50% in Delhi (LEAP route).
📍 Key Features
✅ Uses GraphHopper + Mapbox for real-time traffic and route generation.
✅ Routes with high pollution, energy use, or delay are eliminated.
✅ Prioritizes health and sustainability, tested on Delhi roads.
📍 Broader Goals
✅ May extend to bikes, rickshaws, walking and integrate street sensors.
✅ Aims to cut urban air pollution, which causes 72% of city deaths yearly.
📍 About DRUM App
✅ Developed by IIT-Kharagpur, the DRUM app offers 5 route options: shortest, fastest, least pollution (LEAP), least energy (ECAP), and combined.
✅ Real-time data helps reduce pollution exposure by 50% in Delhi (LEAP route).
📍 Key Features
✅ Uses GraphHopper + Mapbox for real-time traffic and route generation.
✅ Routes with high pollution, energy use, or delay are eliminated.
✅ Prioritizes health and sustainability, tested on Delhi roads.
📍 Broader Goals
✅ May extend to bikes, rickshaws, walking and integrate street sensors.
✅ Aims to cut urban air pollution, which causes 72% of city deaths yearly.
🔆 MATSYA 6000: India’s Deep Ocean Mission
📍 About the Mission
MATSYA 6000, part of the Samudrayan project, is designed to carry 3 humans to a depth of 6000 meters under the sea for scientific exploration and biodiversity research. India will become the 6th country capable of human submersible missions.
📍 Key Components
✅ Deep Sea Mining: Harvesting polymetallic nodules from the Central Indian Ocean Basin.
✅ Manned Submersible: Enabling human presence at extreme depths for observation.
✅ Ocean Climate Change Services: Understanding ocean dynamics and climate.
✅ Marine Biotechnology: Exploring deep-sea biodiversity for sustainable resources.
📍 SWOT Analysis
✅ Strengths: Indigenous submersible, strategic ocean mapping, access to critical minerals.
✅ Weaknesses: High costs, technological complexity, environmental risks.
✅ Opportunities: Green energy, marine biotech, Indo-Pacific strategic leadership.
✅ Threats: Ecosystem disruption, geopolitical tensions, regulatory challenges.
#environment
#GovernmentSchemes
📍 About the Mission
MATSYA 6000, part of the Samudrayan project, is designed to carry 3 humans to a depth of 6000 meters under the sea for scientific exploration and biodiversity research. India will become the 6th country capable of human submersible missions.
📍 Key Components
✅ Deep Sea Mining: Harvesting polymetallic nodules from the Central Indian Ocean Basin.
✅ Manned Submersible: Enabling human presence at extreme depths for observation.
✅ Ocean Climate Change Services: Understanding ocean dynamics and climate.
✅ Marine Biotechnology: Exploring deep-sea biodiversity for sustainable resources.
📍 SWOT Analysis
✅ Strengths: Indigenous submersible, strategic ocean mapping, access to critical minerals.
✅ Weaknesses: High costs, technological complexity, environmental risks.
✅ Opportunities: Green energy, marine biotech, Indo-Pacific strategic leadership.
✅ Threats: Ecosystem disruption, geopolitical tensions, regulatory challenges.
#environment
#GovernmentSchemes
🔆 Kerala Seeks Amnesty Scheme for Wildlife Trophy Declaration
📍 What’s Proposed?
✅ Kerala plans to request the Centre for an amnesty scheme allowing people to declare wildlife trophies in their custody, last permitted in 2003.
✅ As per Section 40 of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, undeclared trophies are illegal.
📍 Who’s Eligible?
✅ Legal heirs with valid ownership licenses issued by the Forest Department.
✅ Only trophies inherited, not illegally acquired.
📍 Penalties
✅ Conviction may lead to 3–7 years jail + ₹25,000 fine.
📍 Centre’s Role
✅ Final approval lies with the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change.
📍 What’s Proposed?
✅ Kerala plans to request the Centre for an amnesty scheme allowing people to declare wildlife trophies in their custody, last permitted in 2003.
✅ As per Section 40 of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, undeclared trophies are illegal.
📍 Who’s Eligible?
✅ Legal heirs with valid ownership licenses issued by the Forest Department.
✅ Only trophies inherited, not illegally acquired.
📍 Penalties
✅ Conviction may lead to 3–7 years jail + ₹25,000 fine.
📍 Centre’s Role
✅ Final approval lies with the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change.
🔆 Climate Change: Sensitivity, Adaptability and Vulnerability
✅ Sensitivity:
- Sensitivity refers to the extent a system is impacted by climate-related changes.
- It includes the response to changes in temperature or extreme weather events (e.g., crop yield changes due to temperature or coastal flooding due to sea level rise).
✅ Adaptive Capacity:
- Adaptive capacity refers to a system's ability to adjust to climate change, including variability and extremes.
- This ability helps to manage potential damage and take advantage of opportunities or cope with the effects of climate changes.
✅ Vulnerability:
- Vulnerability describes the degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change.
- It depends on the magnitude, rate, and variation of climate change and its sensitivity and adaptive capacity.
📍 Conclusion:
- Sensitivity, adaptability, and vulnerability form the three key factors that determine how a system will respond to climate change, with each factor influencing the overall resilience of the system.
✅ Sensitivity:
- Sensitivity refers to the extent a system is impacted by climate-related changes.
- It includes the response to changes in temperature or extreme weather events (e.g., crop yield changes due to temperature or coastal flooding due to sea level rise).
✅ Adaptive Capacity:
- Adaptive capacity refers to a system's ability to adjust to climate change, including variability and extremes.
- This ability helps to manage potential damage and take advantage of opportunities or cope with the effects of climate changes.
✅ Vulnerability:
- Vulnerability describes the degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change.
- It depends on the magnitude, rate, and variation of climate change and its sensitivity and adaptive capacity.
📍 Conclusion:
- Sensitivity, adaptability, and vulnerability form the three key factors that determine how a system will respond to climate change, with each factor influencing the overall resilience of the system.
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