🔆 Assessment of Climate Change Over the Indian Region
📝 Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India

📍 Rising Temperatures:
✅ India’s average temperature ↑ by 0.7°C since 1901; projected rise of 4.4°C by century end.

📍 Warming Oceans:
✅ Indian Ocean’s sea surface temperature ↑ by 1°C (1951–2015), exceeding global average.

📍 Shifting Rainfall Patterns:
✅ 6% decline in summer monsoon rainfall (1951–2015), especially in Indo-Gangetic Plains & Western Ghats.

📍 Increased Droughts:
✅ Decrease in monsoon rainfall → more frequent and widespread droughts since 1951.

📍 Rising Sea Levels:
✅ 3.3 mm/year sea level rise in the North Indian Ocean (1993–2017); matches global trend.

📍 Cyclone Activity:
✅ Significant decline in cyclone frequency in North Indian Ocean since mid-20th century.

📍 Warming Himalayas:
✅ 1.3°C rise in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region (1951–2014) with declining snowfall.

🔆 UNOC 2025: A Tidal Push for Ocean Protection

📍What is UNOC?
✅ The 3rd UN Oceans Conference held in France
✅ Goal: Speed up action on protecting high seas, curbing overfishing, and regulating deep-sea mining

📍The BBNJ Treaty (High Seas Treaty)
✅ Core treaty to protect oceans beyond national jurisdiction
✅ Needs 60 ratifications to become law — 56 countries onboard, India “in process”, U.S. still absent
✅ Aims to protect 30% of marine/coastal areas by 2030

📍Key Treaty Tools
✅ Create marine protected areas beyond national borders
✅ Enforce environmental impact assessments
✅ Share marine genetic resources fairly
✅ Build capacity in developing countries

📍The Big Challenge
✅ Who gets the commercial benefits from marine genetic resources?
✅ No clear equity mechanism yet in place

📍Who’s Paying to Protect the Oceans?
✅ EU: €1 billion for conservation and sustainable fishing
✅ New Zealand: $52 million for Pacific ocean governance
✅ Germany: €100 million to clean up underwater munitions
✅ Italy: €6.5 million for marine surveillance
✅ Canada: $9 million to fight ocean risks + launched coalition on noise pollution
✅ Spain: New MPAs covering 25% of its waters
✅ French Polynesia: Plans world’s largest MPA

📍What’s Next?
✅ A Conference of Parties (COP) for BBNJ is expected by late 2026
✅ Target: 70 ratifications by Sept 2025 to activate the treaty.

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🔆Scalable Solar-Driven Device for Affordable Green Hydrogen Production:

✅Developed a next-gen device that splits water molecules to produce green hydrogen using only solar energy.
✅Uses earth-abundant, low-cost materials, avoiding fossil fuels and rare expensive components.
✅Employs silicon-based photoanode with advanced n-i-p heterojunction architecture.
📍Technical Highlights:
✅Architecture: n-type TiO₂ / intrinsic Si / p-type NiO layers — enabling efficient charge separation & transport.
✅Fabrication: Using magnetron sputtering, an industry-scalable technique.
✅Achieved 600 mV surface photovoltage, low onset potential (11 VRHE).
✅Demonstrated long-term stability – 10 hours continuous operation with <4% performance drop.
✅Successfully scaled to 25 cm² photoanode size effective for large-scale hydrogen production.
📍Advantages of the Device:
✅High efficiency conversion
✅Purely solar-driven
✅Durable and stable
✅Cost-effective materials
✅Scalable design
📍Significance:
✅Decarbonizing industries
📍Advances India’s hydrogen mission
✅Supports net-zero targets
✅Global energy transition
✅Versatile applications

#gs3 #prelims
#environment #economy #energy

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🔆 WHA’s Landmark Skin Disease Resolution: A Step Toward Global Health Equity

✅ On May 24, 2025, the World Health Assembly declared skin diseases a global public health priority for the first time.

✅ This benefits 1.9 billion people affected, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

✅ The resolution highlights stigma, poor access, and neglect of fungal, pigmentary, and chronic conditions, especially in Africa and India.

✅ For India, with one of the highest global dermatological burdens, this brings global support for better care, equity, and reform.

📍It reframes skin health not as cosmetic—but vital to human dignity and health justice.

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🔆 Plastic Pollution: Challenges & Sectoral Contribution

📍 Global Context
✅ The world produces 400+ million tons of plastic annually.

📍 Key Challenges of Plastic Pollution
✅ Threat to Ecosystem: Harms marine and terrestrial biodiversity.
✅ Threat to Humans: Enters food chain, exposes humans to toxins.
✅ Threat to Climate: Emits GHGs during production, causes resource depletion.
✅ Economic Inequality: Affects livelihoods of fishers, farmers and vulnerable groups.
✅ Climate Injustice: Poorer countries bear a disproportionate waste burden.

📍 Sector-wise Contribution to Plastic Pollution (NCERT Data)
✅ Packaging – 36% (highest contributor)
✅ Building & Construction – 16%
✅ Textiles – 14%
✅ Consumer & Institutional Products – 10%
✅ Transportation – 7%
✅ Electrical/Electronics – 4%
✅ Others – 12%
✅ Industrial Machinery – 1%

#environment #mains #gs3


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