π°Carbon and its Compoundsπ°
βοΈ Introduction
βCarbon plays very important roles for all living beings.
βThe amount of carbon in the earthβs crust is merely 0.02%, which is available in the form of minerals such as carbonates, hydrogen-carbonates, coal, and petroleum.
βThe presence of carbon in the atmosphere of the earth is 0.03%, in the form of carbon dioxide.
βοΈ Compounds of Carbon
βAlmost all carbon compounds (except a few) are poor conductors of the electricity.
βThe diamond and graphite both are formed by carbon atoms; however, the difference lies between them in the manner in which the carbon atoms are bonded to one another.
βIn diamond, each atom of the carbon, is bonded to four other carbon atoms and form a rigid three-dimensional structure.
βIn graphite, each atom of the carbon, is bonded to three other carbon atoms in the same plane, which gives a hexagonal array.
βThere is also difference in some physical structure of diamond and graphite.
βDiamond is the hardest substance known whereas graphite is smooth and slippery substance.
βGraphite is good conductor of electricity whereas diamond is not.
βThe compounds, which has identical molecular formula, but different structures, are known as structural isomers.
βThe saturated hydrocarbons are known as alkanes.
βThe unsaturated hydrocarbons, which comprise of one or more double bonds, are known as alkenes.
βThe unsaturated hydrocarbons, which comprise of one or more triple bonds, are known as alkynes.
βοΈ Use of Alcohol as Fuel
βSugarcane plants very efficient convert sunlight into chemical energy and its juice can be used to prepare molasses.
βWhen molasses is fermented, it produces alcohol (ethanol).
βSome of the countries now using alcohol as an additive in petrol, as it is a cleaner fuel.
βThese alcohol, on burning in sufficient air (oxygen), gives rise to only carbon dioxide and water.
βοΈ Esters
βEsters are sweet-smelling substances, which are most commonly formed by reaction of an acid and an alcohol.
βWhen esters react in the presence of an acid or a base, it gives back the alcohol and carboxylic acid.
βThe reaction of esters with an acid or a base, is known as saponification because it is used in the preparation of soap.
βThe molecules of soap normally are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids.
βInterestingly, the ionic-end of soap dissolves in water whereas the carbon chain dissolves in oil. This typical features of the soap molecules forms structures known as micelles.
βIn micelles, one end of the molecules is towards the oil droplet whereas the ionic-end remains outside.
βThe soap micelle helps in dissolving the dirt in water; likewise, the clothes get cleaned.
βOn the other hand, detergents are usually ammonium or sulphonate salts of long chain carboxylic acids, which remain effective even in hard water.
βDetergents are customarily used to make shampoos and some other products for cleaning clothes.
βοΈ Introduction
βCarbon plays very important roles for all living beings.
βThe amount of carbon in the earthβs crust is merely 0.02%, which is available in the form of minerals such as carbonates, hydrogen-carbonates, coal, and petroleum.
βThe presence of carbon in the atmosphere of the earth is 0.03%, in the form of carbon dioxide.
βοΈ Compounds of Carbon
βAlmost all carbon compounds (except a few) are poor conductors of the electricity.
βThe diamond and graphite both are formed by carbon atoms; however, the difference lies between them in the manner in which the carbon atoms are bonded to one another.
βIn diamond, each atom of the carbon, is bonded to four other carbon atoms and form a rigid three-dimensional structure.
βIn graphite, each atom of the carbon, is bonded to three other carbon atoms in the same plane, which gives a hexagonal array.
βThere is also difference in some physical structure of diamond and graphite.
βDiamond is the hardest substance known whereas graphite is smooth and slippery substance.
βGraphite is good conductor of electricity whereas diamond is not.
βThe compounds, which has identical molecular formula, but different structures, are known as structural isomers.
βThe saturated hydrocarbons are known as alkanes.
βThe unsaturated hydrocarbons, which comprise of one or more double bonds, are known as alkenes.
βThe unsaturated hydrocarbons, which comprise of one or more triple bonds, are known as alkynes.
βοΈ Use of Alcohol as Fuel
βSugarcane plants very efficient convert sunlight into chemical energy and its juice can be used to prepare molasses.
βWhen molasses is fermented, it produces alcohol (ethanol).
βSome of the countries now using alcohol as an additive in petrol, as it is a cleaner fuel.
βThese alcohol, on burning in sufficient air (oxygen), gives rise to only carbon dioxide and water.
βοΈ Esters
βEsters are sweet-smelling substances, which are most commonly formed by reaction of an acid and an alcohol.
βWhen esters react in the presence of an acid or a base, it gives back the alcohol and carboxylic acid.
βThe reaction of esters with an acid or a base, is known as saponification because it is used in the preparation of soap.
βThe molecules of soap normally are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids.
βInterestingly, the ionic-end of soap dissolves in water whereas the carbon chain dissolves in oil. This typical features of the soap molecules forms structures known as micelles.
βIn micelles, one end of the molecules is towards the oil droplet whereas the ionic-end remains outside.
βThe soap micelle helps in dissolving the dirt in water; likewise, the clothes get cleaned.
βOn the other hand, detergents are usually ammonium or sulphonate salts of long chain carboxylic acids, which remain effective even in hard water.
βDetergents are customarily used to make shampoos and some other products for cleaning clothes.
Chemistry Short Notes πβ
1.Some Basic Concept of chemistryπ
2.Atomic Structure π
3.Periodic tableπ
4.Chemical Bonding π
5.States of matter π
6.Thermodynamicsπ
7.Chemical Equilibrium π
8.Ionic Equilibrium π
9.Redox Reaction π
10.Hydrogen π
11.S block π
12.P block 1π
13.IUPAC Nomenclature π
14.GOC π
15.Hydrocarbon π
16.Environmental Chemistry π
17.Solid State π
18.Solution π
19.Chemical kinetics π
20.Electrochemistry π
21.Surface Chemistry π
22.Metallurgy π
23.P block 2π
24.DandF block π
25.Coordination compoundsπ
26.Alkyl and aryl Halide π
27.Alchol phenol Ether π
28.Aldehyde and ketone π
29.Amines π
30.Biomolecule π
31.Monomer and Polymerπ
Do Revise From these notesππ
1.Some Basic Concept of chemistryπ
2.Atomic Structure π
3.Periodic tableπ
4.Chemical Bonding π
5.States of matter π
6.Thermodynamicsπ
7.Chemical Equilibrium π
8.Ionic Equilibrium π
9.Redox Reaction π
10.Hydrogen π
11.S block π
12.P block 1π
13.IUPAC Nomenclature π
14.GOC π
15.Hydrocarbon π
16.Environmental Chemistry π
17.Solid State π
18.Solution π
19.Chemical kinetics π
20.Electrochemistry π
21.Surface Chemistry π
22.Metallurgy π
23.P block 2π
24.DandF block π
25.Coordination compoundsπ
26.Alkyl and aryl Halide π
27.Alchol phenol Ether π
28.Aldehyde and ketone π
29.Amines π
30.Biomolecule π
31.Monomer and Polymerπ
Do Revise From these notesππ
SHORT NOTES #Handwritten
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β Fluid
β Heat
β Mode of Heat Transfer
β Thermodynamics
β Kinetics Theory of Gases
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β Waves
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β Electrical Measurement Device
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βββββββββββββββββββββ
β CLASS XI β PHYSICS β
β Kinematics -1
β Kinematics -2
β Law of Motion
β Friction
β Work, Power And Energy
β Circular Motion
β Rotational Dynamics
β Gravitation
β Elasticity And Surface Tension
β Viscosity
β Fluid
β Heat
β Mode of Heat Transfer
β Thermodynamics
β Kinetics Theory of Gases
β Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
β Waves
ββββββββββββββββββββ
β CLASS XII β PHYSICS β
β Electrostatics
β Current Electricity
β Capacitance
β Electrical Measurement Device
β Magnetism
β Geo-Magnetic
β Magnetic Property
β Electromagnetic Induction
β Alternating Current (AC)
β Ray Optics
β Wave Nature of Light
β Modern Physics
βββββββββββββββββββββ
Share it with your needy friends π !
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PHYSICS MED EAZY By MR Sir
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β‘οΈBiotechnology NCERT Important Points Part -2 β¨β¬
οΈ
π΄The concept of genetic engineering was the outcome of two very significant discoveries made in bacterial research. These wereβ
β Presence of extrachromosomal DNA fragments called plasmids in the bacterial cell, which replicate independent of chromosomal DNA of the bacterium.
βοΈPresence of enzymes restriction endonucleases which cut DNA at specific sites.
π’These enzymes are, therefore, calledβmolecular scissorsβ.
π¦The main basis of Recombinant DNA Technology is DNA
π΄cloning :- It is making multiple
identical copies of any template DNA. Three basic steps in genetically modifying an organism (of DNA cloning) -
β (a) identification of DNA with desirable genes;
β (b) introduction of the identified DNA into the host;
β (c) maintenance of introduced DNA in the host and transfer of the DNA to its progeny.
π΄The concept of genetic engineering was the outcome of two very significant discoveries made in bacterial research. These wereβ
β Presence of extrachromosomal DNA fragments called plasmids in the bacterial cell, which replicate independent of chromosomal DNA of the bacterium.
βοΈPresence of enzymes restriction endonucleases which cut DNA at specific sites.
π’These enzymes are, therefore, calledβmolecular scissorsβ.
π¦The main basis of Recombinant DNA Technology is DNA
π΄cloning :- It is making multiple
identical copies of any template DNA. Three basic steps in genetically modifying an organism (of DNA cloning) -
β (a) identification of DNA with desirable genes;
β (b) introduction of the identified DNA into the host;
β (c) maintenance of introduced DNA in the host and transfer of the DNA to its progeny.
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Additional copy of a chromosome in an individual is called as
Anonymous Quiz
19%
Monosomy
55%
Trisomy
23%
Aneuploidy
2%
None of the Above
Organism and Population
NEET PYQS
WATER
βWater is the most important factor influencing
the life of organisms.
βLife on Earth originated in water and
is unsustainable without water
βProductivity and Distribution of plants
Is also heavily dependent on water
βSALT Concentration (Measure as PPT)
-Inland Water = <5 ppt
-Sea = 30-35 PPT
-Hypersaline Lagoons = Greater than 100
βEuryhaline
Some organism are tolerant of a wide range
Of Salinities
βStenohaline
Others are restricted to a narrow range of
Salinities
βMany freshwater animals cannot live for
long in sea water and Vice Versa
Because of Osmostic problem, they would
face (Assertion Reason From Here )
GIVE Hearts β€οΈβ€οΈ
Reproduction in organisms .pdf
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Reproduction in organismsβ¦οΈ
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Reproduction in organismsβ¦οΈ
sexual reproduction in flowering plants.pdf
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Class 12th
Chapter - 2
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants πΏ
Chapter - 2
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants πΏ
human reproduction .pdf
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Class 12th
Chapter - 3
Human reproductionπ
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Human reproductionπ
Reproductive health .pdf
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Class 12th
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Reproductive health π€
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Reproductive health π€
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