Channel: Basic Electronics
Crystal
A crystal is a piece of quartz that operates on a physical principle known as the piezoelectric effect.
When you squeeze a piece of quartz it electrically oscillates at a very precise frequency dependent on the mechanical pressure applied
Both microcontrollers and microprocessors require highly precise timing in order to function. This is the purpose of a quartz crystal.
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A crystal is a piece of quartz that operates on a physical principle known as the piezoelectric effect.
When you squeeze a piece of quartz it electrically oscillates at a very precise frequency dependent on the mechanical pressure applied
Both microcontrollers and microprocessors require highly precise timing in order to function. This is the purpose of a quartz crystal.
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Microcontroller Unit (MCU)
A microcontroller contains a central processing unit (CPU), memory, and several peripherals all integrated on to a single chip of silicon. It is a highly integrated computer chip designed to pretty much stand on its own without the need for external support chips
A microcontroller excels at interfacing with the external world via sensors, switches, lights, transducers, relays, motors, etc. Whereas, microprocessors excel at processing massive amounts of data very quickly
Arduino is family of development kits based on 8-bit microcontrollers from Atmel. An 8-bit microcontroller is sufficient for fairly simple applications
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A microcontroller contains a central processing unit (CPU), memory, and several peripherals all integrated on to a single chip of silicon. It is a highly integrated computer chip designed to pretty much stand on its own without the need for external support chips
A microcontroller excels at interfacing with the external world via sensors, switches, lights, transducers, relays, motors, etc. Whereas, microprocessors excel at processing massive amounts of data very quickly
Arduino is family of development kits based on 8-bit microcontrollers from Atmel. An 8-bit microcontroller is sufficient for fairly simple applications
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Structure of P-N junction diode
The diode is a device formed from a junction of n-type and p-type semiconductor material.
The lead connected to the p-type material is called the anode and the lead connected to the n-type material is the cathode.
In general, the cathode of a diode is marked by a solid line on the diode.
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The diode is a device formed from a junction of n-type and p-type semiconductor material.
The lead connected to the p-type material is called the anode and the lead connected to the n-type material is the cathode.
In general, the cathode of a diode is marked by a solid line on the diode.
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Zener Diode
A Zener Diode is a special kind of diode which permits current to flow in the forward direction as normal, but will also allow it to flow in the reverse direction when the voltage is above the breakdown voltage or ‘zener’ voltage. Zener diodes are designed so that their breakdown voltage is much lower - for example just 2.4 Volts.
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A Zener Diode is a special kind of diode which permits current to flow in the forward direction as normal, but will also allow it to flow in the reverse direction when the voltage is above the breakdown voltage or ‘zener’ voltage. Zener diodes are designed so that their breakdown voltage is much lower - for example just 2.4 Volts.
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Structure of Bipolar Junction Transistor
A bipolar junction transistor, BJT, is a single piece of silicon with two back-to-back P-N junctions.BJTs can be made either as PNP or as NPN.
They have three regions and three terminals, emitter, base, and collector represented by E, B, and C respectively. The direction of the arrow indicates the direction of the current in the emitter when the transistor is conducting normally. An easy way to remember this is NPN stands for "Not Pointing iN".
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A bipolar junction transistor, BJT, is a single piece of silicon with two back-to-back P-N junctions.BJTs can be made either as PNP or as NPN.
They have three regions and three terminals, emitter, base, and collector represented by E, B, and C respectively. The direction of the arrow indicates the direction of the current in the emitter when the transistor is conducting normally. An easy way to remember this is NPN stands for "Not Pointing iN".
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Rectification
A rectifier is a device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), a process known as rectification. Rectifiers are essentially of two types – a half wave rectifier and a full wave rectifier.
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A rectifier is a device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), a process known as rectification. Rectifiers are essentially of two types – a half wave rectifier and a full wave rectifier.
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Op-Amp(Operational Amplifier)
Operational Amplifier commonly known as Op-Amp, is a linear elcectronic device having three terminals, two high impedence input and one output terminal
Op-Amp can perform multiple function when attached to diffrent feedback combinations like resistive,
capacitive or both.
Generally it is used as voltage amplifier and the output voltage of the Op-Amp is the diffrence between the voltages at its two input terminals.
Op-Amp shows some properties that make it an ideal amplifier,
its open loop gain and input impedance is infinite (i.e.,practically very high), Output impedance and offset voltage is zero(i.e.,practically very low) and bandwidth is infinite(i.e.,practically limitted to frequency where its gain become unity).
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Operational Amplifier commonly known as Op-Amp, is a linear elcectronic device having three terminals, two high impedence input and one output terminal
Op-Amp can perform multiple function when attached to diffrent feedback combinations like resistive,
capacitive or both.
Generally it is used as voltage amplifier and the output voltage of the Op-Amp is the diffrence between the voltages at its two input terminals.
Op-Amp shows some properties that make it an ideal amplifier,
its open loop gain and input impedance is infinite (i.e.,practically very high), Output impedance and offset voltage is zero(i.e.,practically very low) and bandwidth is infinite(i.e.,practically limitted to frequency where its gain become unity).
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Inverting Op-Amp
The open loop gain(Ao) of the Om-Apm is very high which makes it very unstable, so to make it stable with a controlable gain, a feed back is applied through some external resistor(Rf) from its output to inverting input terminal(i.e.,also known as negative feedback) resulting in reduced gain(closed loop gain, Av).
So the voltage at inverting terminal is now the sum of the actual input and feedback voltages, and to separate both a input resistor(Ri) is introduced in the circuit. The non inverting terminal of the opamp is grounded, and the inverting terminal behaves like a virtual ground as the junction of the input and feedback signal are at the same potential.
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The open loop gain(Ao) of the Om-Apm is very high which makes it very unstable, so to make it stable with a controlable gain, a feed back is applied through some external resistor(Rf) from its output to inverting input terminal(i.e.,also known as negative feedback) resulting in reduced gain(closed loop gain, Av).
So the voltage at inverting terminal is now the sum of the actual input and feedback voltages, and to separate both a input resistor(Ri) is introduced in the circuit. The non inverting terminal of the opamp is grounded, and the inverting terminal behaves like a virtual ground as the junction of the input and feedback signal are at the same potential.
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Non-Inverting Op-Amp
In this configuration of Op-amp the input signal is directly fed to the non inverting terminal resulting in a positive gain and output voltage in phase with input as compared to inverting Op-amp where the gain is negative and output voltage is out of phase with input , and to stabalize the circuit a negative feedback is applied through a resistor(Rf) and the inverting terminal is grounded witha input resistor(R2).
This inverting Op-Amp like layout the at inverting terminal creates a virtual ground at the summing point make the Rf and R2 a potential divider accross inverting terminal, Hence determines the gain of the circuit.
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In this configuration of Op-amp the input signal is directly fed to the non inverting terminal resulting in a positive gain and output voltage in phase with input as compared to inverting Op-amp where the gain is negative and output voltage is out of phase with input , and to stabalize the circuit a negative feedback is applied through a resistor(Rf) and the inverting terminal is grounded witha input resistor(R2).
This inverting Op-Amp like layout the at inverting terminal creates a virtual ground at the summing point make the Rf and R2 a potential divider accross inverting terminal, Hence determines the gain of the circuit.
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What is a Schmitt Trigger?
A Schmitt trigger is a comparator (not exclusively) circuit that makes use of positive feedback (small changes in the input lead to large changes in the output in the same phase) to implement hysteresis (a fancy word for delayed action) and is used to remove noise from an analog signal while converting it to a digital one.
It was invented way back in 1937 by Otto H. Schmitt (whose legacy is somewhat understated) who called it a ‘thermionic trigger’.
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A Schmitt trigger is a comparator (not exclusively) circuit that makes use of positive feedback (small changes in the input lead to large changes in the output in the same phase) to implement hysteresis (a fancy word for delayed action) and is used to remove noise from an analog signal while converting it to a digital one.
It was invented way back in 1937 by Otto H. Schmitt (whose legacy is somewhat understated) who called it a ‘thermionic trigger’.
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Designed to accurately produce the required output waveform with the addition of just a few extra timing components.
One such device that has been around since the early days of IC’s and has itself become something of an industry “standard” is the 555 Timer Oscillator which is more commonly called the “555 Timer”.
The basic 555 timer gets its name from the fact that there are three internally connected 5kΩ resistors which it uses to generate the two comparators reference voltages. The 555 timer IC is a very cheap, popular and useful precision timing device which can act as either a simple timer to generate single pulses or long time delays, or as a relaxation oscillator producing a string of stabilised waveforms of varying duty cycles from 50 to 100%.
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One such device that has been around since the early days of IC’s and has itself become something of an industry “standard” is the 555 Timer Oscillator which is more commonly called the “555 Timer”.
The basic 555 timer gets its name from the fact that there are three internally connected 5kΩ resistors which it uses to generate the two comparators reference voltages. The 555 timer IC is a very cheap, popular and useful precision timing device which can act as either a simple timer to generate single pulses or long time delays, or as a relaxation oscillator producing a string of stabilised waveforms of varying duty cycles from 50 to 100%.
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What is a laser diode?
👉The LASER in Laser Diode is an acronym for 'Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation'. It is also referred to as a semiconductor laser and generally abbreviated as LD.
👉Its main feature is high coherency, making it possible to emit light with the same phase and wavelength.
👉Laser oscillation is achieved by amplifying light generated through current injection between two mirrors. Simply put, a laser diode is an LED that amplifies and emits light using reflectors.
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👉The LASER in Laser Diode is an acronym for 'Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation'. It is also referred to as a semiconductor laser and generally abbreviated as LD.
👉Its main feature is high coherency, making it possible to emit light with the same phase and wavelength.
👉Laser oscillation is achieved by amplifying light generated through current injection between two mirrors. Simply put, a laser diode is an LED that amplifies and emits light using reflectors.
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What is wireless charging?
👉Wireless charging is a technology that charges devices without using connectors or metal contacts.
👉This is also referred to as non-contact charging, non-contact power transmission, and wireless power supply.
👉Wireless charging technology is attracting increased attention by eliminating the need for power cords when charging.
👉 This is expected to increase connector safety and resistance to dust and water while enabling multiple devices to be charged using a single charger.
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👉Wireless charging is a technology that charges devices without using connectors or metal contacts.
👉This is also referred to as non-contact charging, non-contact power transmission, and wireless power supply.
👉Wireless charging technology is attracting increased attention by eliminating the need for power cords when charging.
👉 This is expected to increase connector safety and resistance to dust and water while enabling multiple devices to be charged using a single charger.
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Decibels
Unit is Bel, but because this is large, deci-Bels (1/10th Bel) are used), Symbol is dB.
Decibels are used in audio because they are a logarithmic measure of voltage, current or power, and correspond well to the response of the ear.
A 3dB change is half or double the power (0.707 or 1.414 times voltage or current respectively).
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Unit is Bel, but because this is large, deci-Bels (1/10th Bel) are used), Symbol is dB.
Decibels are used in audio because they are a logarithmic measure of voltage, current or power, and correspond well to the response of the ear.
A 3dB change is half or double the power (0.707 or 1.414 times voltage or current respectively).
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Cathode Ray Tube
CRT
Cathode ray tube display technology is mostly used in televisions and computer screens that work on the movement of an electron beam back and forth on the back of the screen. This tube is an elongated vacuum tube in which the flattened surface has external components as an electron gun, electron beam, and a phosphorescent screen
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CRT
Cathode ray tube display technology is mostly used in televisions and computer screens that work on the movement of an electron beam back and forth on the back of the screen. This tube is an elongated vacuum tube in which the flattened surface has external components as an electron gun, electron beam, and a phosphorescent screen
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The Differential Amplifier
The differential amplifier amplifies the voltage difference present on its inverting and non-inverting inputs
differential amplifiers amplify the difference between two voltages making this type of operational amplifier circuit a Subtractor unlike a summing amplifier which adds or sums together the input voltages. This type of operational amplifier circuit is commonly known as a Differential Amplifier configuration
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The differential amplifier amplifies the voltage difference present on its inverting and non-inverting inputs
differential amplifiers amplify the difference between two voltages making this type of operational amplifier circuit a Subtractor unlike a summing amplifier which adds or sums together the input voltages. This type of operational amplifier circuit is commonly known as a Differential Amplifier configuration
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Wheatstone bridge
Wheatstone bridge, also known as the resistance bridge, calculates the unknown resistance by balancing two legs of the bridge circuit. One leg includes the component of unknown resistance.
The Wheatstone Bridge Circuit comprises two known resistors, one unknown resistor and one variable resistor connected in the form of a bridge. This bridge is very reliable as it gives accurate measurements.
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Wheatstone bridge, also known as the resistance bridge, calculates the unknown resistance by balancing two legs of the bridge circuit. One leg includes the component of unknown resistance.
The Wheatstone Bridge Circuit comprises two known resistors, one unknown resistor and one variable resistor connected in the form of a bridge. This bridge is very reliable as it gives accurate measurements.
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Kirchhoff’s Current Law
According to Kirchhoff’s Current Law,
The total current entering a junction or a node is equal to the charge leaving the node as no charge is lost.
Put differently, the algebraic sum of every current entering and leaving the node has to be null. This property of Kirchhoff law is commonly called Conservation of charge wherein, I(exit) + I(enter) = 0.
In the above figure, the currents I1, I2 and I3 entering the node is considered positive, likewise, the currents I4 and I5 exiting the nodes is considered negative in values. This can be expressed in the form of an equation:
I1 + I2 + I3 – I4 – I5 = 0
The term Node refers to a junction or a connection of two or more current-carrying routes like cables and other components.
Kirchhoff’s current law can also be applied to analyze parallel circuits.
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According to Kirchhoff’s Current Law,
The total current entering a junction or a node is equal to the charge leaving the node as no charge is lost.
Put differently, the algebraic sum of every current entering and leaving the node has to be null. This property of Kirchhoff law is commonly called Conservation of charge wherein, I(exit) + I(enter) = 0.
In the above figure, the currents I1, I2 and I3 entering the node is considered positive, likewise, the currents I4 and I5 exiting the nodes is considered negative in values. This can be expressed in the form of an equation:
I1 + I2 + I3 – I4 – I5 = 0
The term Node refers to a junction or a connection of two or more current-carrying routes like cables and other components.
Kirchhoff’s current law can also be applied to analyze parallel circuits.
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Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
According to Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law,
The voltage around a loop equals to the sum of every voltage drop in the same loop for any closed network and also equals to zero.
Put differently, the algebraic sum of every voltage in the loop has to be equal to zero and this property of Kirchhoff’s law is called conservation of energy.
When you begin at any point of the loop and continue in the same direction, note the voltage drops in all the directions either negative or positive and return to the same point. It is essential to maintain the direction either counterclockwise or clockwise; else the final voltage value will not be equal to zero. The voltage law can also be applied in analyzing circuits in series.
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According to Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law,
The voltage around a loop equals to the sum of every voltage drop in the same loop for any closed network and also equals to zero.
Put differently, the algebraic sum of every voltage in the loop has to be equal to zero and this property of Kirchhoff’s law is called conservation of energy.
When you begin at any point of the loop and continue in the same direction, note the voltage drops in all the directions either negative or positive and return to the same point. It is essential to maintain the direction either counterclockwise or clockwise; else the final voltage value will not be equal to zero. The voltage law can also be applied in analyzing circuits in series.
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Opto-electronic (optical electronic) components
There are various components that can turn light into electricity or vice-versa. Photocells (also known as photoelectric cells) generate tiny electric currents when light falls on them and they're used as "magic eye" beams in various types of sensing equipment, including some kinds of smoke detector. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) work in the opposite way, converting small electric currents into light. LEDs are typically used on the instrument panels of stereo equipment. Liquid crystal displays (LCDs), such as those used in flatscreen LCD televisions and laptop computers, are more sophisticated examples of opto-electronics.
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There are various components that can turn light into electricity or vice-versa. Photocells (also known as photoelectric cells) generate tiny electric currents when light falls on them and they're used as "magic eye" beams in various types of sensing equipment, including some kinds of smoke detector. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) work in the opposite way, converting small electric currents into light. LEDs are typically used on the instrument panels of stereo equipment. Liquid crystal displays (LCDs), such as those used in flatscreen LCD televisions and laptop computers, are more sophisticated examples of opto-electronics.
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